Blindly they are dragged about. The Hebrews became enslaved by the Babylonians, along with many other Nations afterward. As more cultures are put into the melting pot of Babylon, facts become blurred with fiction and languages are turned to Babel.
You will soon see that many of the stories being told are the events of the cross-breading that took place with mankind. Amazingly many ancient nations such as the Phoenicians had no written language or culture of their own, instead they borrowed from everyone they conquered. In the Western world we credit our language, English, much of our symbolism like the Phoenix, our current death and resurrection doctrine, and many other things to the Phoenicians who were really the Philistines.
Philadelphia was the original state capitol of the United States. The biggest mistake a conquered people can make is to begin to imagine they were never defeated, thus placing their trust in the assailant. We are seeing the results of that now, our Government, Spiritual Leaders, and Instructors have been telling a multitude of lies many without the slightest knowledge of it. Some are sworn traitors avowed to something much more sinister. We mistakenly have trusted the same system that once brutally annihilated everything that had its own will so they could indoctrinate their falsehood.
Reason 7: There are traitors amongst us with phenomenal resources that have avowed to something far more devious then can normally be conceived.
Left unchecked for centuries they have finally come to the conclusion of an agenda scheduled for the near future. Who will face them? What now has to be done in order for us to discover our true potential is we have to put our real past back together.
During the times Pharaohs, Czars, Kings, and Shahs despoiled the lands they found it most important to alter the history, culture, and language of the people they conquered. This is how they gained a monopoly over social and spiritual power, the later being the controller of the former. Removing a persons spiritual belief in themselves leaves them powerless. All of Mysticism has effect based on the belief of the Welder of such power.
In ancient times many had such exemplary belief in their Internal Power, Symbols, and Talismans they where very difficult to conquer much less indoctrinate. The tyrants of ancient times sent entire armies to subdue them and often entire armies were laid to waste, many eluded those armies by going underground, deep into the mountains, and some even left this dimension, after all what does killing mind controlled soldiers really solve?
The greatest adversary to the human race has been the human race. No matter how much evidence we find that links Devils, Aliens, Spirits and various other life forms to the corrosion of our natural state, in all these stories you will find human traitors that gave them access to our inner circles.
The entire human race was a collective brother and sisterhood capable of maintaining contact with one another across entire planetary systems. We were grouped more commonly as all Humanoids, not black man, white man, yellow man, etc. It is virtually impossible to break apart from the outside anything as strong as human will. This book is not about pointing the finger, this book is about Innerstanding our original state, how it was altered, how to grow back into it, and even excel beyond its original potential.
At this moment we are in a degraded state, it is only pride that keeps the individual from admitting this. Power now lies mostly in monetary wealth, not spiritual essence one will always pass away the other is eternal. Common sense is not common. This may sound a little confusing especially this early on, however, the earlier you see this the better. When they decided to make the Names for the Planets in English they really did began to turn things in an opposite direction.
Searching for other Names indigenous tribes used for the Planets will turn up almost nothing. Some may think this is because in Ancients times we had no knowledge of the Cosmos, and of course this proves to be untrue.
We are told the Sumerians, Egyptians, and a few indigenous tribes from Africa have the only details of the Names given to the Planets in ancient times. Whatever the case we can be sure that what we call the Planet Saturn in modern times may not be actually referring to the Planet with the rings, but more of an idea of Evil Sat, bought forth from Ur. Our consciousness, when not hindered, will always look to the sky for answers. Our Spirit is from the sky or rather far out in space while our bodies are indeed flesh and will remain here as dust.
When we innocently inquire about the names of Planets, Stars, and Moons wanting to learn more, we get names that are tainted with deception. The vibration of Ur is that of an animal, in fact so-called early man depicted the entire Cosmos as animal forms rather than the much greater concept Space stands for which is beyond normal life on Earth.
Unlike most modern church participants those Initiated into various magical societies evoke Angels and Spirits all the time. They do this by various means; one key element involves drawing perfect stars inside of circles or squares. A symbol drawn is physical proof of ones intent. A perfect star is often made with a tool used by the Elite called an Angle. This word Angle is an anagram for Angel. If you notice when drawing a star it consist of straight lines, straight lines are opposite to nature which itself is a composite of spheres and circles, the body itself contains no straight lines.
These straight lines are known as masculine while the curved lines are feminine. It is known that fleshly beings are categorized as Feminine despite there sexual orientation while heavenly Beings are known as Masculine due to their strong ethereal nature which can even withstand the force of being in close proximity to the Sun.
No matter how fictitious this may seem it is in fact true. These Beings go under the names of Rephaim, Nephalim, Annunaki, Titans, Giants, and Danites along with their offspring they make up the legends of various mythological creatures of various titles. This resulted from the union of the Angels with not only the women but also with the animals. These offspring became known as Demigods meaning half God, half man or animal. They possessed various powers that caused the indigenous tribes of the time to worship the Supreme Creators which was far from true.
The head of the Fallen Angels would place the Demigods over the people to rule them in a hierarchy or Pyramid structure. They would remain in contact with the Demigods from their habitations in various Constellations such as Orion.
Orion is depicted as a Giant man for this reason. As a child I remember watching a cartoon called Fraggle Rock which was about the life of the Fraggles especially their encounters with the Giants called Ogres of the land. There is a heavy amount of Scandinavian in our language.
Reason 9: The Daughters of Cain with whom the fallen Angels had companied, conceived but they were unable to bring forth their children, and many died. Of the children in the womb, some died and others split open the bellies of their mothers coming forth by the navel…..
Entire Material and Ethereal Kingdoms below the third heaven were erected and hewn for their spiritual and physical residence. The task of building these lofty havens fell to the Humans in this world and the one to come, what a cruel treatment. Expansive kingdoms the slaves did build, but the fact was the Humans were in the lower dimensions with a bad case of memory loss only being allowed at times just to worship the God and bask in its false light.
What the Humans have gotten in return are lifetimes of being a servant with little reward. Their structures are always placed on Leylines to control the energy in the area. In order for many Regions to be free some building must be removed from the Leylines. They are binding the energy of freedom and suppressing clear thought.
In history when structures bind the leylines for too long cataclysms occur to shake everything off of them. Not many will see this all coming, only a few will escape. Disbelievers block their own way. Then the veil began to lift and once again man and woman recognized each other as the only source of harmony, we were all together then man and woman shaping and forming a new world. Truly our work is not in vain and just as the trees, we are numerous and patient, as We provide man and women their substance just as we all must live.
We are currently positioned in a place Kabbalistically known as Malkuth which means foundation. This is why the Gods often say the Earth is their footstool. Indeed some of the Spirit energies are so large it is true that Earth could be in fact used as a footstool by them. Malkuth consists of various life forms with limited senses, thus they are vibrating at a lower frequency in order to form something as solid as a Foundation.
To make this easier to understand a rock is actually in motion although it is vibrating so slow it is heavy, hard, and what appears to be unmovable although it is just moving so slow you do not have the time to see its movement. The more senses we lose we become more like a rock, which means our emotional movement and idea of things lesson as we descend.
Lower life forms are also on a low vibration like rocks thus they at times inhabit stones. These figures are kept around for protection against other Entities by Magicians. As you see here J. Rowling Author of the Harry Potter series in possession of the same Gargoyle John Dee, a well known magician used to keep in his possession.
The spirit lives within the stone. The strength of stone is obvious by its durability. An Adept is familiar with all types of stones and the Elemental Gnomes who have wisdom of Earth and fashioning things out of Earth. Here are just a few buildings that are positioned on major Leylines. Leylines have been known since ancient times discovered by dowsing and also witnessing how things grow in certain areas.
A spiraling tree is often on a Leyline. Below you see the Earth Grid of Major Leylines which you will find structures build upon.
The smaller leylines are generally not mapped in such detail. There were also those who just signed up for the Pantheism since the ladder is ascending and descending, they naturally gravitated towards the negative. Man and woman involved themselves with Beings that possessed and incarnated into their Human bodies. Some of these Beings either never had a vocal box or are no longer in possession of. Numerous they are and they could not be counted as if opening a sealed vault of misshaped things that spawn amongst themselves in what would seem like an instant.
Jupiter is one of the largest Planets in this system. From here we will refer to Jupiter or Ammon as Amon so we can keep track of this Being. One of the greatest questions that will ultimately come to mind is; are the actual Planets themselves doing this, or are these malevolent Beings with various powers who have fooled man into believing they are the Planets? To answer that we will have to consider a few things, the Planets themselves are in a fixed movement everything interacting together.
I personally know there are many more Planets in our immediate system that most know nothing of such as Vulcan. There are also hollowed artificial satellites such as our Moon Sin, and Phobos which are bases of some sort. There is obviously a faction that cares nothing of this warning because every time a new addition of the Bible comes out, there are serious changes.
People need to start seeing that the ones who are changing it care nothing for the curses because there are none and the Book itself has stories borrowed from everywhere, such was the way of these people. Man has been notorious for blindly following these possessed deluded traitors who are blurred by their own desire to iconoclast themselves in the mold of time and usurp the Throne of the Great One which is unreachable and immeasurable.
Surely a man can charge into battle with great strength imagining he will vanquish his foes and then the next thing, he awakes in evil Elysium Jahannon for such foolish thoughts. Everything material will pass away at some point thus it is only wise to seek immortality with everything at your disposal letting nothing impede your way.
Protect yourself from becoming enveloped in their aura of deluded drunkenness where everyday for them is the same as the last and they see it not that time draws nigh, what a waste. The Judgment itself is taking place now, we are in at this moment because of the delay of the Gregorian calendar.
Many have knowingly forfeited their chance to ascend and thus they are like crabs in the bucket pulling everyone else they can around them into the same prison they created for themselves. Beware of those who you know are involved in some form of dark occult practice it is now time for the Unseen Hand or Dark Lord to exact recompense from them.
They are now being used to betray even those they were the closest to. Many of them did not expect this time to come and were lied to. They imagined the Ritual a game a mere fraternity hazing, now they have Phantoms as their companions that fill their dreams with absurd visions, there is no rest for the wicked. A Sorceress had done all the bidding for the Dark Lord and took pride in it.
The Dark Lord promised her he would award her deeds in the Underworld. With this promise she worked more vigorously causing division and setting traps for those who found themselves in her web. On her untimely death she was transferred to the Underworld where the negative forces seized her and commenced to torturing her pulling her soul apart. She cursed them profusely and demanded to speak with the ruler of Dominions who was watching from afar. He said, I lied, did they not tell you I was the Father of Lies?
I find more pleasure in betrayal than I do in honor, think not my titles go without proof and he waved his hand for his minions to commence as he watch. Obviously not a God for daughters. Planets do something entirely different then impersonate themselves as men who have women, nor do they ever appear as men. There are Principalities, Rulers, Forces, and Dominions in place working out an entirely larger scheme that makes Earth more of a value subdued, not destroyed.
Think of the loss of resources and biological data. Earth is a storehouse of genes working together well enough. For one moment do not doubt all these genes are in criyo tubes fully cataloged and ready to implant into other worlds which is a part of Terraforming a Planet and getting it prepared for higher life forms like me and you.
Since we know there are other Beings with other senses we can endeavor to obtain those senses also. This separates us from animals who seldom openly enlist the help of humans.
This also means that some who have higher senses have already discovered harmony, the benefits of a collective mind, the power in Numbers, the Elements, etc. It is entirely possible that the knowledge of even how to alter an entire planetary frequency with just insects that also emit sound frequency is in the Orion arsenal of technology.
This moves us further into the intelligence of Beings who are more advanced in some ways than us. We could go so far in imagining what they have and what they can do and we would more than likely be right, however, what is of value here is to show that they are not the Creator of all things. They to had a Creator and if we find ourselves in service, it should be to That only. They are no doubt involved in our evolution; there can be no question of it.
Just as the wheel has saved us endless amounts of time and effort so we may travel further, faster. If these Beings gave us T. The way many Beings feel about Earth is they would not give something that looks like dust compared to Antares and Betelgeuse the honor of destroying this whole Galaxy. Everything must evolve in time and for this segment of the Human race that time is long overdue. The lower dimension now awaits occupying the spot we are in now. Some of the most valuable portions of this information has come from Higher Beings still reaching back to help along the children which we all are, they gave no names, and they demanded no worship save to the Original Creator in which all things will eventually have to face and it is patient Shrouded within itself Majestic and Wise.
Many of the forces that have invisibly protected and guided the Human race have long since ascended beyond points where they can any longer interact with the Earth because of contamination and its lack of pure ideas thus there is a heavy need for new Ethereal Planetary workers, not Golden Age materialist.
Their doctrine is to Know, Dare, Will, and keep Silent. One should understand their Oath to keep silent, they are all around and they would never reveal their identity. Those who have read works like the Art of War and the Law of Seduction should get a general idea of how they operate in business much less in the Spiritual World.
These particular books written by Sun Zhu along with works by Machiavelli such as the Prince and various other shrewd titles are required reading for the upcoming business Elite. In addition they do not just read but put into play the methods being elaborated upon as if the world is only a giant chess board with human pieces. Even now this particular work which you hold in your hands is allowed to reach the mainstream not because they could not easily stop it, but because it fulfills another one of the Prophecies, thus they cannot plug the loop hole that has been made.
Although they plan unceasingly the Most High is the greatest planner. Have you not noticed the forces that seek to hinder always tell what is to come in the future before it happens? Even in the Bible there is always a solemn warning by the Prophet before the destruction.
This is in fact a Law of the Universe which exist so that all conscious Beings on a Planet may have a choice of whether they want to participate in the collectively planned future of that Planet, attempt to do something to prevent it, or emancipate themselves from it entirely which is always an option.
We do hold the master button on our personal Earth life if we want to really exit, we can make it happen, some type of choice always clings to us. Our future is the beautiful fractalised shape of a myriad of choices. Our status in the ungoverned worlds beyond has much to do with our accolades and milestones that we have crossed in our previous world of origin.
This information always remains on our Aura even if we are unaware of it. Think of yourself known throughout the whole Universe as someone who assisted your race in Ascension. Every action we make will always be contained somewhere, it determines what we are to face next on various levels of action and reaction, it can always be accessed and cannot be erased just balanced. If you were strong did you protect the weak? If you were truly wise did you share your knowledge to your best ability?
If you possessed wealth did you distribute the goods committed to your charge? It was known that each segment of astrological time is controlled by a particular Planet. That Planet is responsible for emitting the energy that is necessary to accomplish what has to be done during that cycle.
The Universe can be looked at as a big clock in which the Planets rotate positions as if on massive cogs. The language here is surely crafted mimetically to capture the gee-gosh wonderment of this naive adolescent who blithely assumes his brothers will share his sense of amazement at his dream.
The presentative hineh "look" is the conventional term dreamers use to report the visual images of their dreams, perhaps partly because it readily introduces a surprising new perception, but here Joseph repeats the term three times in one breathless sentence, and the effect of naive astonishment is equally expressed in his redundant "arose and actually stood up" the Hebrew adverb gam most often means "also" but fairly frequently serves as well as a term of emphasis or intensification.
The point is that the adolescent Joseph speaking to his brothers does not at all sound like the adult Joseph addressing Pharaoh, and a translation should not reduce either dialogue or narrator's language to a single dead level. In the range of diction of the biblical text, the complementary opposite to these moments of colloquial mimesis occurs in the poetic insets.
Most of these in Genesis are only a line or two of verse, though the book concludes with a relatively long poem, conventionally referred to as Jacob's Testament. No previous English translation has made a serious effort to represent the elevated and archaic nature of the poetic language in contradistinction to the prose, though that is clearly part of the intended literary effect of biblical narrative.
The present translation tries to suggest this contrast in levels of style—through a more liberal use of syntactic inversion in the poetry, through a selective invocation of slightly archaic terms, and through the occasional deployment of rhetorical gestures broadly associated with older English poetry like the ejaculation "O".
I wish I could have gone farther in this direction, but there is a manifest danger in sounding merely quaint instead of eloquently archaic, and so the stylistic baggage of "anent" and "forsooth" had to be firmly excluded.
Two minute examples will illustrate how these discriminations of stylistic level are made in the Hebrew and how they might be conveyed in English.
The enigmatic notice about the Nephilim, the human-divine hybrids of the primeval age, concludes with these words: "They are the heroes of yore, the men of renown" This line could conceivably be a fragment from an old mythological poem; more probably, it reads in the original as a kind of stylistic citation of the epic genre.
The clearest clue to this in the Hebrew is the word "they," which here is hetnah rather than the standard hem. This variant with the extra syllable is in all likelihood an older form: it occurs four times more often in poetry than in prose, and even in prose is often reserved for rather ceremonial gestures. There is no English variant of "they" that is similarly marked as poetic diction, and my translation compensates by using "of yore" instead of the phrase "of old" adopted by the King James Version and by most later English versions.
In order to convey a sense that this is poetry, beyond the mechanics of typography, a translator of course has to create a good deal of rhythmic regularity, but there remains a problem of diction. It is a rare term, occurring only twice elsewhere in the Bible, and it clearly means window or windowlike niche.
The decision of several different modern translators to render it as "sluices" or "floodgates" has no philological warrant and is a conspicuous instance of translation by context. The occurrence of a cognate of 'arubot in Ugaritic poetry, several centuries before the composition of Genesis, is further indication that the term is poetic and probably somewhat archaic for the later Hebrew audience. Though not all shifts in stylistic level in the Hebrew can be so readily represented by English equivalents, a translation that tries to do justice to the richness of the Hebrew must aim for some approximation of the nuances of diction in the original.
The most pervasive aspect of the magic of biblical style that has been neglected by English translators is its beautiful rhythms. An important reason for the magnetic appeal of these stories when you read them in the Hebrew is the rhythmic power of the words that convey the story.
The British critic A. Alvarez has aptly described the crucial role of rhythm in all literary art: "the rhythm—the way the sounds move, combine, separate, recombine—is the vehicle for the feeling. And without that inner movement or disturbance, the words, no matter how fetching, remain inert. In this way at least, the dynamics of poetry—and probably of all the arts—are the same as the dynamics of dreaming.
The King James Version, of course, has its grand rhythmic movements—cultivated people around clearly had a much firmer sense of expressive sound in language than has been true of recent generations. But these rhythms are more orotund, less powerfully compact, than those of the Hebrew, and in fact there are far more local lapses in rhythm than nostalgic readers of the King James Version may recall.
The final arbiter of rhythmic effectiveness must be the inner ear of X T O X X T H E V 1 1 R E A D E R the sensitive reader, but I would like to show that there is a vital dimension of biblical prose that translation has to engage by quoting a couple of verses in transliteration and then in three English versions, together with my own.
In regard to the transliteration, it should be kept in mind that we have an approximate notion, not an exact one, of how biblical Hebrew was originally pronounced. There is some question about vowels in particular because vowel points were added to the consonantal texts by the Masoretes—the Hebrew scholars of sixth- to tenth-century Tiberias who fixed the text of the Bible, with full punctuation, standard since then—more than a millennium after the texts were composed.
There was, however, a continuous tradition for recitation of the texts on which the Masoretes drew, and anyone who has listened to the Masoretic Text read out loud can attest to its strong rhythmic integrity, which argues that its system of pronunciation was by no means an arbitrary imposition. Here is the narrative report of Noah's entering the ark as the Deluge is unleashed Acute accents are used to indicate accented syllables.
W is used for the letter waw pronounced as v in modern Hebrew but as w in biblical times , especially to distinguish it from bet without dagesh, pronounced as v. H indicates a light fricative something like Spanish j ; kh represents a heavier fricative, like the German ch in Bach.
The Hebrew rhythm unfolds in groupings of three or four words marked by three of four stresses, usually with no more than one or two unstressed syllables between the stressed ones, and the sense of the words invites a slight pause between one grouping and the next.
The overall effect is that of a grand solemn sweep, a sort of epic march, and that effect is reinforced in the diction by the use of hemah instead of hem for "they" at the beginning of the second verse.
In the selfsame day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, into the ark; They, and every beast after its kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort.
The first of the two verses up to "into the ark" is nearly perfect. I envy the freedom of the King James Version to follow the Hebrew syntax and write "entered Noah," an inversion feasible at the beginning of the seventeenth century but a little too odd, I am afraid, at the end of the twentieth. But in the second verse rhythmic difficulties emerge. Here is E.
Speiser's version of these two verses—a version, to be sure, intended to be accompanied by a philological commentary, but one which helped set a norm for recent Bible translations: On the aforesaid day, Noah and his sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons had entered the ark— The initial phrase, "on the aforesaid day," is an ill-starred beginning in regard to diction as well as to rhythm.
Something as mechanical as the list of the passengers of the ark is divided up in a way that undercuts its rhythmic momentum: at best, one can say that this version has intermittent moments of escape into rhythm. Everett Fox, the most boldly literal of modern Bible translators, does a little better, but his attention to rhythm is by no means unflagging. The first short clause, with the courageous inversion of verb and subject, rings nicely in the ear.
But the simple deletion of the "and" between Shem and Ham collapses the rhythm, and Fox's grouping of the list is not much better rhythmically than Speiser's. As in the King James Version, the decision to use "after" four times introduces a series of unwelcome extra syllables, and rhythm is virtually lost in "all herd-animals after their kind, all crawling things that crawl upon the earth after their kind.
That very day, Noah and Shem and Ham and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons together with them, came into the ark, Biblical Hebrew, in sum, has a distinctive music, a lovely precision of lexical choice, a meaningful concreteness, and a suppleness of expressive syntax, that by and large have been given short shrift by translators with their eyes on other goals.
The present translation, whatever its imperfections, seeks to do fuller justice to all these aspects of biblical style in the hope of making the rich literary experience of the Hebrew more accessible to readers of English. But, as many readers may be aware, two centuries of biblical scholarship have generally assumed that Genesis—and indeed most biblical texts—is not strictly speaking a book but rather an accretion of sundry traditions, shot through with disjunctions and contradictions, and accumulated in an uneven editorial process over several centuries.
There are knotty issues of the dating and the evolution of the text that have been debated by generations of scholars and that I shall not pretend to resolve, but I do think that the historical and textual criticism of the Bible is not so damaging to a literary reading of the text as is often assumed.
The biblical conception of a book was clearly far more open-ended than any notion current in our own culture, with its assumptions of known authorship and legal copyright. The very difference in the technology of bookmaking is emblematic. For us, a book is a printed object boxed in between two covers, with title and author emblazoned on the front cover and the year of publication indicated on the copyright page.
The biblical term that comes closest to "book" is sefer. Etymologically, it means "something recounted," but its primary sense is "scroll," and it can refer to anything written on a scroll—a letter, a relatively brief unit within a longer composition, or a book more or less in our sense.
A scroll is not a text shut in between covers, and additional swathes of scroll can be stitched onto it, which seems to have been a very common biblical practice. A book in the biblical sphere was assumed to be a product of anonymous tradition. The only ones in the biblical corpus that stipulate the names of their authors, in superscriptions at the beginning, are the prophetic books, but even in this case, later prophecies by different prophet-poets could be tacked onto the earlier scrolls, and the earlier scrolls perhaps might even be edited to fit better into a continuous book with the later accretions.
Let me say just a few words about the different strands that are detectable in Genesis, and then I shall explain why I make very little of them in my commentary. Since well back into the nineteenth century, it has been the consensus of biblical scholarship that Genesis, together with the next three books of the Pentateuch, is woven together from three distinct literary sources or "documents"—The Yahwistic document spelled with an initial capital J in German and x l i T O T H E R E A D E R hence designated J , the Elohistic document E , and the Priestly document P.
Most scholars have concluded that J and E are considerably earlier than P, which could be as late as the sixth or fifth century B. According to one view, J would be a product of the tenth century B. Scholars identify the different sources on the basis of different names used for the deity emblematically, YHWH in J and Elohim in E , on the basis of certain stylistic features, and by virtue of what are claimed to be different ideological and historical assumptions.
It is generally thought that the three sources were redacted into a single text quite early in the period of the Return to Zion, perhaps in Priestly circles. This rapid summary may make matters sound pat, but in fact all the details of the Documentary Hypothesis are continually, and often quite vehemently, debated. There are strong differences of opinion about the dating of the various sources, especially J and E.
Serious questions have been raised as to whether either J or E is the work of a single writer or school, and various scholars have contended that in fact there is a J1, J2, J3, and so forth.
Enormous energy has been invested in discriminating the precise boundaries between one document and the next, but disagreement on minute identifications continues to abound: one scholar will break down a particular text into an alternation between J and E, with an occasional conflation of the two and perhaps a brief intrusion from P, seeking to refine the documentary categories phrase by phrase, while another will call the whole passage "an authentic production of J. It is small wonder that the Documentary Hypothesis, whatever its general validity, has begun to look as though it has reached a point of diminishing returns, and many younger scholars, showing signs of restlessness with source criticism, have been exploring other approaches—literary, anthropological, sociological, and so forth—to the Bible.
One need not claim that Genesis is a unitary artwork, like, say, a novel by Henry James, in order to grant it integrity as a book. There are other instances of works of art that evolve over the centuries, like the cathedrals of medieval Europe, and are the product of many hands, involving an elaborate process of editing, like some of the greatest Hollywood films. From where we stand, it is difficult to know to what extent the biblical redactors felt free to modify or reshape their inherited sources and to what extent they felt obliged to reproduce them integrally, permitting themselves only an occasional editorial bridge or brief gloss.
What seems quite clear, however, is that the redactors had a strong and often subtle sense of thematic and narrative purposefulness in the way they wove together the inherited literary strands, and the notion of some scholars that they were actuated by a mechanical compulsion to incorporate old traditions at all costs is not sustained by a scrutiny of the text, with only a few marginal exceptions.
It is quite apparent that a concept of composite artistry, of literary composition through a collage of textual materials, was generally assumed to be normal procedure in ancient Israelite culture.
The technique of collage could come into play at two stages. A writer in the first instance might feel free to introduce into his own narrative, as an integral textual unit, a genealogy, an etiological tale, an ethnographic table, or a vestige of a mythological story, or perhaps to recreate one of the aforementioned without an explicit textual source.
Then the redactor, in shaping the final version of the text, could place disparate textual materials at junctures that would give the completed text the thematic definition or the large formal punctuation he sought. I am deeply convinced that conventional biblical scholarship has been trigger-happy in using the arsenal of text-critical categories, proclaiming contradiction wherever there is the slightest internal tension in the text, seeing every repetition as evidence of a duplication of x 1 i i i T O T H E R E A D E R sources, everywhere tuning in to the static of transmission, not to the complex music of the redacted story.
The reader will consequently discover that this commentary refers only occasionally and obliquely to the source analysis of Genesis. For even where such analysis may be convincing, it seems to me a good deal less interesting than the subtle workings of the literary whole represented by the redacted text.
As an attentive reader of other works of narrative literature, I have kept in mind that there are many kinds of ambiguity and contradiction, and abundant varieties of repetition, that are entirely purposeful, and that are essential features of the distinctive vehicle of literary experience. I have constantly sought, in both the translation and the commentary, to make this biblical text accessible as a book to be read, which is surely what was intended by its authors and redactors. To that end, I discovered that some of the medieval Hebrew commentators were often more helpful than nearly all the modern ones, with their predominantly text-critical and historical concerns.
Rashi acronym for Rabbi Shlomo Itshaqi, —, France and Abraham ibn Ezra , migrated from Spain to Italy, France, and England are the most often cited here; they are two of the great readers of the Middle Ages, and there is still much we can learn from them. A few brief remarks about the structure of Genesis as a book are in order. Genesis comprises two large literary units—the Primeval History chapters and the Patriarchal Tales chapters The two differ not only in subject but to some extent in style and perspective.
The approach to the history of Israel and Israel's relationship with God that will be the material of the rest of the Hebrew Bible is undertaken through gradually narrowing concentric circles: first an account of the origins of the world, of the vegetable and animal kingdom and of humankind, then a narrative explanation of the origins of all the known peoples, from Greece to Africa to Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, and of the primary institutions of civilization, including the memorable fable about the source of linguistic division.
The Mesopotamian family of Terah is introduced at the end of this universal x 1 i v T O T H E R E A D E R history in chapter 11, and then when God calls Abraham out of Ur of the Chaldees at the beginning of chapter 12 we move on to the story of the beginnings of the Israelite nation, though the national focus of the narrative is given moral depth because the universal perspective of the first part of Genesis is never really forgotten.
Some critics have plausibly imagined this whole large process of biblical literature as a divine experiment with the quirky and unpredictable stuff of human freedom, an experiment plagued by repeated failure and dedicated to renewed attempts: first Adam and Eve, then the generation of Noah, then the builders of the Tower of Babel, and finally Abraham and his seed.
Although the Creation story with which the Primeval History begins does look forward to the proliferation of humanity and the human conquest of the natural world, by and large the first eleven chapters of Genesis are concerned with origins, not eventualities— with the past, not the future: "he was the first of all who play on the lyre and pipe" , the narrator says of Jubal, one of the antedeluvians. The literal phrasing of the Hebrew here, as in a series of analogous verses, is "he was the father of.
Although the Patriarchal Tales are in one obvious way also the story of a chain of fathers—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—the horizon these tales constantly invoke is the future, not the past.
God repeatedly tells Abraham what He intends to do with and for the offspring of Abraham in time to come, both in the impending near future of Egyptian enslavement and in the long-term future of national greatness.
It is perfectly apt that the Patriarchal Tales should conclude with Jacob's deathbed poem envisaging the destiny of the future tribes of Israel, which he prefaces with the words, "Gather round, that I may tell you what shall befall you in the days to come" The Primeval History, in contrast to what follows in Genesis, cultivates a kind of narrative that is fablelike or legendary, and sometimes residually mythic. The human actors in these stories are kept at a certain distance, and seem more generalized types than individual characters with distinctive personal histories.
The style tends much x T O T H E 1 v R E A D E R more than that of the Patriarchal Tales to formal symmetries, refrainlike repetitions, parallelisms, and other rhetorical devices of a prose that often aspires to the dignity of poetry, or that invites us to hear the echo of epic poetry in its cadences. As everywhere in biblical narrative, dialogue is an important vehicle, but in the Primeval History it does not have the central role it will play later, and one finds few of the touches of vivid mimesis that make dialogue in the Patriarchal Tales so brilliant an instrument for the representation of human—and human and divine—interactions.
In sum, this rapid report of the distant early stages of the human story adopts something of a distancing procedure in the style and the narrative modes with which it tells the story.
God's very first words to Abraham at the beginning of chapter 12 enjoin him to abandon land, birthplace, and father's house. These very terms, or at least this very sphere, will become the arena of the narrative to the end of Genesis. Many are native speakers and able to perform any task for which you need help. If you think we missed something, send your order for a free revision. You have 10 days to submit the order for review after you have received the final document.
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